Prepared by Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment
Updated Nov., 2011
Pollution and the Cardiovascular System
- The signature physiologic consequence of air pollution is the same as cigarette smoke: a low grade arterial inflammation, arteriolar narrowing, and vascular prothrombotic changes. As with cigarette smoke the effect can be almost immediate and chronic exposure to even low concentrations of pollution are associated with significant arteriolar narrowing.
- Air pollution causes average blood pressure to increase within minutes. All organs are affected.
- Rates of heart attacks and strokes increase with air pollution and are the primary cause for increased community mortality rates. Those rates increase within hours after exposure and stay elevated for as long as 30 days after the exposure has ended.
- Particulate pollution concentrations typical of the Wasatch Front increase mortality rates about 10% according to the formula recommended by the American Heart Association published in May, 2010. That means between 1,000 and 2,000 Utahns die prematurely every year due to our air pollution.
- Mortality plotted against air pollution concentrations shows no safe threshold, even at low levels, well below EPA national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). Furthermore this curve is not linear. The steepest part of the curve is at low doses, i.e. small air pollution reductions have even greater public health benefit when the concentrations are already low. A Dutch study demonstrated risks for cardiopulmonary mortality even at what are considered ‘background’ levels of particulate pollution.
- Air pollution impairs exercise capability, even in the very fittest of individuals.
###########################
1. Brook R, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA, Brook J, Bhatnagar A, et al. AHA Scientific Statement: Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease; An Update to the Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121:2331-2378.
2. Peters, A, and Pope, CA III Editorial, Lancet. Vol 360, Oct 19, 2002
3. Pope CA III, Muhlestein JB, May HT et al. Ischemic Heart Disease Events Triggered by Short-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. Circulation 2006, 114:2443-2448.
4. Dockery DW, Stone PH. Cardiovascular Risks from Fine Particulate Air
Pollution. NEJM 2007; 356:511-513
5. Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L et al. Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Women. NEJM 2007; 356:447-458.
6. Peters, A. Air Quality and Cardiovascular Health: Smoke and Pollution Matter. Circulation. 2009: 120:924-927
7. Bruce Urch, Frances Silverman, Paul Corey, Jeffrey R. Brook, Karl Z. Lukic, Sanjay Rajagopalan, and Robert D. Brook. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 August; 113(8): 1052–1055.Acute Blood Pressure Responses in Healthy Adults During Controlled Air Pollution Exposures
8. Peters A, von Klot S, Heier M, et al. Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction. NEJM Vol. 351:1721-1730.
9. Shang-Shyue Tsai, William B. Goggins, Hui-Fen Chiu, and Chun-Yuh Yang. Evidence for an Association Between Air Pollution and Daily Stroke Admissions in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Stroke 2003;34:2612-2616
10. Eugenia E. Calle and Michael J. Thun C. Arden Pope, III, Richard T. Burnett, Daniel Krewski, Michael Jerrett, Yuanli Shi. Circulation. 2009;120:941-948. Cardiovascular Mortality and Exposure to Airbourne Fine Particulate Matter and Cigarette Smoke.
11. Hoffman B. Presentation, American Thoracic Society (2010, May 17) Higher blood pressure found in people living in urban areas.
12. Kunzil N, Jerrett M, Garcia-Esteban, R, et al. Ambient Air Pollution and the Progression of Atherosclerosis in Adults. PloS ONE, 2010; 2010; 5 (2): e9096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009096
13. Pope, CA III, Ezzate, M., Dockery, D. Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the United States. NEJM. Vol. 360:376-386 Jan. 22, 2009 Num. 4.
14. Baccarelli A, Martinelli A, Zanobetti A, et al. Exposure to particulate air pollution and risk of deep vein thrombosis. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168:920-927
15. Jacobs L, Emmerechts J, Mathieu C, Hoylaerts MF, Fierens F, Hoet PH, Nemery B, Nawrot TS. Air pollution related prothrombotic changes in persons with diabetes. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Feb;118(2):191-6.
16. Adar SD, Klein R, Klein BE, Szpiro AA, Cotch MF, Wong TY, O’Neill MS, Shrager S, Barr RG, Siscovick DS, Daviglus ML, Sampson PD, Kaufman JD. Air Pollution and the Microvasculature: A Cross-Sectional Assessment of In Vivo Retinal Images in the Population-Based Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). PLoS Med. 2010 Nov 30;7(11):e1000372
17. Koehoorn M, Davies Gan WQHW, Demers PA, Tamburic L, Brauer M. Long-Term Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Hospitalization and Mortality. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Nov 16. [Epub ahead of print]
18. Bauer M, Moebus S, Möhlenkamp S, Dragano N, Nonnemacher M, Fuchsluger M, Kessler C, Jakobs H, Memmesheimer M, Erbel R, Jöckel KH, Hoffmann B; HNR Study Investigative Group. Urban Particulate Matter Air Pollution Is Associated With Subclinical Atherosclerosis Results From the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Nov 23;56(22):1803-1808.
19. Silverman RA, Ito K, Freese J, Kaufman BJ, De Claro D, Braun J, Prezant DJ.
Association of Ambient Fine Particles With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests in New York City. Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
20. American College of Cardiology (2008, August 14). Air Pollution Damages More Than Lungs: Heart And Blood Vessels Suffer Too.
21. Katariina Kallio, MD, PhD; Eero Jokinen, MD, PhD; Maiju Saarinen, MSSc; Mauri Hämäläinen, PhD; Iina Volanen, MD, PhD; Tuuli Kaitosaari, MD, PhD; Tapani Rönnemaa, MD, PhD; Jorma Viikari, MD, PhD; Olli T. Raitakari, MD, PhD and Olli Simell, MD, PhD Arterial Intima-Media Thickness, Endothelial Function, and Apolipoproteins in Adolescents Frequently Exposed to Tobacco Smoke. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2010. Published online before print March 2, 2010, doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.857771
22. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (2010, April 28). Mexico City air pollution adversely affects the hearts of young people. ScienceDaily. Retrieved April 29, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2010/04/100428153256.htm
American Heart Association (2010, July 22). Smog might trigger cell death in the heart, study finds. ScienceDaily. Retrieved June 25,
23. Delfino RJ, Tjoa T, Gillen DL, Staimer N, Polidori A, Arhami M, Jamner L, Sioutas C, Longhurst J. Traffic-related air pollution and blood pressure in elderly subjects with coronary artery disease. Epidemiology. 2010 May;21(3):396-404.
24. Urch B, Silverman F, Corey P, Brook J, Lukic K, Rajagopalan S, Brook R. Acute Blood Pressure Responses in Healthy Adults During Controlled Air Pollution Exposures. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 August; 113(8): 1052–1055.
25. Ruckerl, R. et al. (2007) Air pollution and inflammation (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen) in myocardial infarction survivors. Environ. Health Perspect. 115, 1072–1080.
26. Pham, H, AC Bonham, KE Pinkerton and CY Chen. 2009. Central neuroplasticity and decreased heart rate variability following particulate matter exposure in mice. Environmental Health Perspectives doi: 10.1289/ehp.0900674.
27. Alexeeff SE, Coull BA, Gryparis A, Suh H, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Schwartz J.
Medium-Term Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Markers of Inflammation and Endothelial Function. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Feb 24. [Epub ahead of print]
28. Nawrot TS, et al. Heart attacks: Public health importance of triggers of myocardial infaction: a comparative risk assessment. The Lancet, Vol. 377, February 26, 2011, p. 732. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62296-9
29. Davoodi G, Sharif AY, Kazemisaeid A, Sadeghian S, Farahani AV, Sheikhvatan M, Pashang M. Comparison of heart rate variability and cardiac arrhythmias in polluted and clean air episodes in healthy individuals. Environ Health Prev Med. 2010 Jul;15(4):217-21. Epub 2010 Jan 22.
30. Bai N, Kido T, Suzuki H, Yang G, Kavanagh TJ, Kaufman JD, Rosenfeld ME, van Breemen C, Eeden SF. Changes in atherosclerotic plaques induced by inhalation of diesel exhaust. Atherosclerosis. 2011 Mar 2. [Epub ahead of print]
31. Kampfrath T, Maiseyeu A, Ying Z, Shah Z, Deiuliis JA, et al. Chronic Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Induces Systemic Vascular Dysfunction via NADPH Oxidase and TLR4 Pathways. Circulation Research, 2011; 108 (6): 716 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.237560
32. Harrison CM, Pompilius M, Pinkerton KE, Ballinger SW 2011. Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Significantly Influences Atherogenic Risk and Cytokine-Induced Oxidant Production. Environ Health Perspect 119:676-681. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002857
33. Brook RD, Shin HH, Bard RL, Burnett RT, Vette A, Croghan C, et al. 2011. Exploration of the Rapid Effects of Personal Fine Particulate Matter Exposure on Arterial Hemodynamics and Vascular Function during the Same Day. Environ Health Perspect 119:688-694. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002107
34. Sérgio Chiarelli P, Amador Pereira LA, Nascimento Saldiva PH, Ferreira Filho C, Bueno Garcia ML, Ferreira Braga AL, Conceição Martins L. The association between air pollution and blood pressure in traffic controllers in Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil. Environ Res. 2011 May 11. [Epub ahead of print]
35. Chiusolo M, Cadum E, Stafoggia M, Galassi C, Berti G, Faustini A, Bisanti L, Vigotti MA, Dessì MP, Cernigliaro A, Mallone S, Pacelli B, Minerba S, Simonato L, Forastiere F. Short Term Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide on Mortality and Susceptibility Factors in Ten Italian Cities: the EpiAir Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 May 17. [Epub ahead of print]
36. Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Abreu-Afonso J, Rodríguez S, Juárez-Prera RA, Arroyo-Ucar E, Jiménez-Sosa A, González Y, Abreu-González P, Avanzas P. Comparative Study of Ambient Air Particles in Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure and Acute Coronary Syndrome.
37. Brook RD, Shin HH, Bard RL, Burnett RT, Vette A, Croghan C, Thornburg J, Rodes C, Williams R. Exploration of the rapid effects of personal fine particulate matter exposure on arterial hemodynamics and vascular function during the same day. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 May;119(5):688-94.
38. Mallone S, Stafoggia M, Faustini A, Gobbi GP, Marconi A, Forastiere F 2011. Saharan Dust and Associations between Particulate Matter and Daily Mortality in Rome, Italy. Environ Health Perspect. doi:10.1289/ehp.1003026
39. Nuvolone D, Balzi D, Chini M, Scala D , Giovannini F, and Barchielli A . Short-Term Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Risk of Hospitalization for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results of the Cardiovascular Risk and Air Pollution in Tuscany (RISCAT) Study. American Journal of Epidemiology Volume174, Issue1Pp. 63-71.
40. Williams R, Brook R, Bard R, Conner T, Shin H, Burnett R. Impact of personal and ambient-level exposures to nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter on cardiovascular function. Int J Environ Health Res. 2011 Jun 28. [Epub ahead of print]
41. Mills NL, Miller MR, Lucking AJ, Beveridge J, Flint L, Boere AJ, Fokkens PH, Boon NA, Sandstrom T, Blomberg A, Duffin R, Donaldson K, Hadoke PW, Cassee FR, Newby DE. Combustion-derived nanoparticulate induces the adverse vascular effects of diesel exhaust inhalation. European Heart Journal, July 13, 2011 DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr195
42. Fattore E, Paiano V, Borgini A, Tittarelli A, Bertoldi M, Crosignani P, Fanelli R. Human health risk in relation to air quality in two municipalities in an industrialized area of Northern Italy. Environ Res. 2011 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print]
43. Meyer G, Boissiere J, Tanguy S, Rugale C, Gayrard S, Jover B, Obert P, Reboul C. Carbon Monoxide Pollution Impairs Myocardial Perfusion Reserve: Implication of Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2011 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print].
44. Ayotte, P, A Carrier, N Ouellet, V Boiteau, B Abdous, EAL Sidi, ML Château-Degat and E Dewailly. 2011. Relation between methylmercury exposure and plasma paraoxonase activity in Inuit adults from Nunavik. Environmental Health Perspectives http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003296.
45. Chen R, Pan G, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Zeng G, Xu X, Chen B, Kan H. Ambient carbon monoxide and daily mortality in three Chinese cities: The China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES). Sci Total Environ. 2011 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print]
46. Van Hee VC, Szpiro AA, Prineas R, Neyer J, Watson K, Siscovick D, Park SK, Kaufman JD.
Association of Long-term Air Pollution With Ventricular Conduction and Repolarization Abnormalities.
Epidemiology. 2011 Sep 13. [Epub ahead of print]
47. Breitner S, Liu L, Cyrys J, Brüske I, Franck U, Schlink U, Leitte AM, Herbarth O, Wiedensohler A, Wehner B, Hu M, Pan XC, Wichmann HE, Peters A. Sub-micrometer particulate air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ. 2011 Sep 20. [Epub ahead of print]
48. Bhaskaran K, Hajat S, Armstrong B, Haines A, Herrett E, Wilkinson P, Smeeth L. The effects of hourly differences in air pollution on the risk of myocardial infarction: case crossover analysis of the MINAP database. BMJ. 2011 Sep 20;343:d5531. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5531.
49. Weichenthal S, Kulka R, Dubeau A, Martin C, Wang D, Dales R 2011. Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Acute Changes in Heart Rate Variability and Respiratory Function in Urban Cyclists. Environ Health Perspect 119:1373-1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003321
50. Szyszkowicz M, Rowe BH, Brook RD. Even Low Levels of Ambient Air Pollutants Are Associated With Increased Emergency Department Visits for Hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2011 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print]
51. Perepu RS, Dostal DE, Garcia C, Kennedy RH, Sethi R. Cardiac dysfunction subsequent to chronic ozone exposure in rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Sep 27. [Epub ahead of print]
52. Van Hee VC, Szpiro AA, Prineas R, Neyer J, Watson K, Siscovick D, Kyun Park S, Kaufman JD.
Association of Long-term Air Pollution With Ventricular Conduction and Repolarization Abnormalities. Epidemiology. 2011 Nov;22(6):773-780.
53. Hoffmann B, Luttmann-Gibson H, Cohen A, Zanobetti A, de Souza C, Foley C, et al. 2011. Opposing Effects of Particle Pollution, Ozone and Ambient Temperature on Arterial Blood Pressure. Environ Health Perspect :-. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103647
54. Cakmak S, Dales R, Leech J, Liu L. The influence of air pollution on cardiovascular and pulmonary function and exercise capacity: Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS).
Environ Res. 2011 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]
55. Emmerechts J, Hoylaerts MF. The effect of air pollution on haemostasis. Hamostaseologie. 2011 Oct 18;32(1). [Epub ahead of print]
56. Elliott CT, Copes R. Burden of mortality due to ambient fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) in interior and Northern BC. Can J Public Health. 2011 Sep-Oct;102(5):390-3.
57. B. Hoffmann et al. Opposing effects of particle pollution, ozone and ambient temperature on arterial blood pressure. Environmental Health Perspectives. Published online October 21, 2011. doi:10.1289/ehp.1103647.
58. Andersen ZJ, Kristiansen LC, Andersen KK, Olsen TS, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Loft S, Sørensen M, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Stroke and Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution From Nitrogen Dioxide. Published online before print November 3, 2011, doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.629246
59. Emmerechts J, Jacobs L, Van Kerckhoven S, Loyen S, Mathieu C, Fierens F, Nemery B, Nawrot TS, Hoylaerts MF. Air Pollution-Associated Procoagulant Changes: role of Circulating Microvesicles. J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Nov 8. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04557.x. [Epub ahead of print]
60. Hampel R, Breitner S, Schneider A, Zareba W, Kraus U, Cyrys J, Geruschkat U, Belcredi P, Müller M, Wichmann HE, Peters A. Acute air pollution effects on heart rate variability are modified by SNPs involved in cardiac rhythm in individuals with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Environ Res. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print]
61. Fuks K, Moebus S, Hertel S, Viehmann A, Nonnemacher M, Dragano N, et al. 2011. Long-Term Urban Particulate Air Pollution, Traffic Noise, and Arterial Blood Pressure. Environ Health Perspect 119:1706-1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103564
62. Baccarelli A, Barretta F, Dou C, Zhang X, McCracken JP, Diaz A, Bertazzi PA, Schwartz J, Wang S, Hou L. Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on Blood Pressure in a Highly Exposed Population in Beijing, China: A repeated-measure study. Environ Health. 2011 Dec 21;10(1):108. [Epub ahead of print]
Pollution and the Brain
* The systemic inflammation caused by air pollution also affects the brain
* Air pollution components reach the brain and can penetrate deeply into the parenchyma
* Many of the compounds adsorbed to particulate matter are neurotoxic
* Air pollution causes CNS oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, cortical stress measured by EEG, enhancement of Alzheimer type-abnormal filamentous proteins, BBB changes, and cerebrovascular damage. Many of these changes can be found in children and young adults.
* Greater air pollution exposure is associated with lower intelligence and poorer motor function in children, decreased cognition in adults, higher rates of strokes, multiple sclerosis, autism, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative diseases.
#############################
1. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Mora-Tiscareno A, Ontiveros E, et al. Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: a pilot study with children and dogs. Brain Cogn. 2008 Nov;68(2):117-27. Epub 2008 Jun 11..
2. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Solt AC, et al. Lon-term air pollution exposure is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid beta-42 and alpha-synuclein in children and young adults. Toxicol Pathol. 2008;36(2):289-310. Epub 2008 Mar 18
3. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Franco-Lira M, Torres-Jardon R. Pediatric Respiratory and Systemic Effects of Chronic Air Pollution Exposure: Nose, Lung, Heart, and Brain Pathology. Toxicol Pathol, Vol. 35, No1, 154-162 (2007)
4. Hartz A, Bauer B, Block M, Diesel exhaust particles induce oxidative stress, proinflammatory signaling, and P-glycoprotein, up-regulation at the blood-brain barrier. The FASEB Journal 2008;22:2723-2733.
5. Cruts B, van Etten L, Tornquvist H, et al. Exposure to diesel exhaust induces changes in EEG in human volunteers. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2008;5:4. March11. dol:1186/1743-8977-5-4.
6. Suglia SF, et al. Association of Black Carbon with Cognition among Children in a Prospective Birth Cohort Study Am J Epidemiology 2008 167:280-286.
7. Wang, Z., Zeng, X, Zeng, Y, Wang, S. Chen, S. Association of traffic-related air pollution with children’s neurobehavioral functions in Quanzhou, China. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Oct; 117 (10):1612-8 Epub. 2009 May 11.
8. Volk H, Hertz-Picciotto I, Delwiche L , Lurmann F, McConnell R. Residential Proximity to Freeways and Autism in the CHARGE study. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 21156395.
9. Morales, E., Julvez, J., Torrent, M., et al. Association of Early-life Exposure to Household Gas Appliances and Indoor Nitrogen Dioxide With Cognition and Attention Behavior in Preschoolers. American Journal of Epidemiology 2009 169(11):1327-1336;
10. Suzuki, T., Oshio, S., Iwata, M., et al. In utero exposure to a low concentration of diesel exhaust affects spontaneous locomotor activity and monoaminergic system in male mice. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2010, 7:7doi:10.1186/1743-8977-7-7
11. Freire, C., Ramos, R., Puertas, R., et al. Association of traffic-related air pollution with cognitive development in children. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010;64:223-228
12. Edwards SC, Jedrychowski W, Butscher M, Camann D, Kieltyka A, Mroz E, et al. 2010. Prenatal Exposure to Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Children’s Intelligence at Age 5 in a Prospective Cohort Study in Poland. Environ Health Perspect :-. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901070
13. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Reed W, Maronpot RR, Henríquez-Roldán C, Delgado-Chavez R, Calderón-Garcidueñas A, Dragustinovis I, Franco-Lira M, Aragón-Flores M, Solt AC, Altenburg M, Torres-Jardón R, Swenberg JA. Brain inflammation and Alzheimer’s-like pathology in individuals exposed to severe air pollution. Toxicol Pathol. 2004 Nov-Dec;32(6):650-8.
14. Power MC, Weisskopf MG, Alexeeff SE, Coull BA, Spiro Iii A, Schwartz J. Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Cognitive Function in a Cohort of Older Men. Harvard School of Public Health. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Dec 20. [Epub ahead of print]
15. G. Oberdörster, Z. Sharp, V. Atudorei, A. Elder, R. Gelein, W. Kreyling and C. Cox. Translocation of Inhaled Ultrafine Particles to the Brain. Inhalation Toxicology
2004, Vol. 16, No. 6-7, Pages 437-445
16. Perera, FP, L Zhigang, R Whyatt, L Hoepner, S Wang, D Camann and V Rauh. 2009. 2009. Prenatal airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and child IQ at age 5 years. Pediatrics doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-3506.
17. Lopez I, Beltran-Parrazal1 L, Abhimanyu Amarnani A. Evidence for oxidative stress in the developing cerebellum of the rat after chronic mild carbon monoxide exposure (0.0025% in air) BMC Neuroscience 2009, 10:53doi:10.1186/1471-2202-10-53
18. Zhou Z, Yuan T, Chen Y, Qu L, Rauh V, Zhang Y, Tang D, Perera F, Li T. Benefits of Reducing Prenatal Exposure to Coal-Burning Pollutants to Children’s Neurodevelopment in China Research Article, published 14 Jul 2008 | doi:10.1289/ehp.11480
19. Thomson, E.M. et al. (2007) Air pollution alters brain and pituitary endothelin-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Environ. Res. 105, 224233
20. Peters, A. et al. (2006) Translocation and potential neurological effects of fine and ultrafine particles a critical update. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 3, 13
21. Hong, Y.C. et al. (2002) Air pollution: a new risk factor in ischemic stroke mortality. Stroke 33, 2165–2169
22. Kettunen, J. et al. (2007) Associations of fine and ultrafine particulate
air pollution with stroke mortality in an area of low air pollution levels. Stroke 38, 918–922
23. Calderon-Garciduenas, L. et al. (2002) Air pollution and brain damage. Toxicol. Pathol. 30, 373–389
24. Calderon-Garciduenas, L. et al. (2003) DNA damage in nasal and brain tissues of canines exposed to air pollutants is associated with evidence of chronic brain inflammation and neurodegeneration. Toxicol. Pathol. 31, 524–538
25. Mateen F, Brook R. Air Pollution as an Emerging Global Risk Factor for Stroke
JAMA. 2011;305(12):1240-1241.doi:10.1001/jama.2011.352
26. Lopez IA, Acuna D, Beltran-Parrazal L, Lopez IE, Amarnani A, Cortes M, Edmond J. Evidence for oxidative stress in the developing cerebellum of the rat after chronic mild carbon monoxide exposure (0.0025% in air) BMC Neuroscience 2009, 10:53 (27 May 2009)
27. Morgan TE, Davis DA, Iwata N, Tanner JA, Snyder D, Ning Z, et al. 2011. Glutamatergic Neurons in Rodent Models Respond to Nanoscale Particulate Urban Air Pollutants In Vivo and In Vitro. Environ Health Perspect :-. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002973
28. Gackière F, Saliba L, Baude A, Bosler O, Strube C. Ozone inhalation activates stress-responsive regions of the central nervous system. J Neurochem. 2011 Apr 6. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07267.x. [Epub ahead of print]
.
29. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, D’Angiulli A, Kulesza RJ, Torres-Jardón R, Osnaya N, Romero L, Keefe S, Herritt L, Brooks DM, Avila-Ramirez J, Delgado-Chávez R, Medina-Cortina H, González-González LO. Air pollution is associated with brainstem auditory nuclei pathology and delayed brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2011 Mar 31. [Epub ahead of print]
30. Power MC, Weisskopf MG, Alexeeff SE, Coull BA, Spiro A III, Schwartz J 2011. Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Cognitive Function in a Cohort of Older Men. Environ Health Perspect 119:682-687. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002767
31. Fonken LK, Xu X, Weil ZM, Chen G, Sun Q, Rajagopalan S, Nelson RJ. Air pollution impairs cognition, provokes depressive-like behaviors and alters hippocampal cytokine expression and morphology. Molecular Psychiatry, 2011; DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.76
32. Levesque S, Surace MJ, McDonald J, Block ML. Air pollution and the brain: Subchronic diesel exhaust exposure causes neuroinflammation and elevates early markers of neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2011 Aug 24;8(1):105. [Epub ahead of print]
33. Guxens M, Aguilera I, Ballester F, Estarlich M, Fernández-Somoano A, Lertxundi A, Lertxundi N, Mendez MA, Tardón A, Vrijheid M, Sunyer J. Prenatal Exposure to Residential Air Pollution and Infant Mental Development: Modulation by Antioxidants and Detoxification Factors. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of print]
34. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Kavanaugh M, Block M, D’Angiulli A, Delgado-Chávez R, Torres-Jardón R, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Osnaya N, Villarreal-Calderon R, Guo R, Hua Z, Zhu H, Perry G, Diaz P. Neuroinflammation, Alzheimer’s Disease-Associated Pathology, and Down-Regulation of the Prion-Related Protein in Air Pollution Exposed Children and Young Adults.
J Alzheimers Dis. 2011 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print]
35. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Engle R, Mora-Tiscareño A, Styner M, Gómez-Garza G, Zhu H, Jewells V, Torres-Jardón R, Romero L, Monroy-Acosta ME, Bryant C, González-González LO, Medina-Cortina H, D’Angiulli A. Exposure to severe urban air pollution influences cognitive outcomes, brain volume and systemic inflammation in clinically healthy children. Brain Cogn. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
36. Ranft U, Schikowski T, Sugiri D, Krutmann J, Krämer U. Long-term exposure to traffic-related particulate matter impairs cognitive function in the elderly. Environ Res. 2009 Nov;109(8):1004-11. Epub 2009 Sep 4.
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/feature/id/58906/title/Destination_brain
################################################################
Pollution and Chromosomal/Fetal Development
* Pregnant women exposed to more air pollution give birth to babies with significantly more chromosomal aberrations and epigenetic changes which can be passed on to multiple subsequent generations.
* Exposure even to brief episodes of pollution at critical stages in the development of the human embryo can cause a person to experience an increased likelihood of multiple chronic diseases including those of the heart, lungs, immune system and brain and even obesity, diabetes and cancer.
* Air pollution breathed by a pregnant mother causes epigenetic changes in the womb, which is associated with higher rates of asthma and decreased lung function in those children 5 years later.
* Exposure to intermittent air pollution is associated with sperm DNA damage and consequent increase in the rates of male infertility, miscarriages and other adverse reproductive outcomes.
############################
1. Bruner-Tran, KL and KG Osteen. 2010. Developmental exposure to TCDD reduces fertility and negatively affects pregnancy outcomes across multiple generations. Reproductive Toxicology http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.10.003
2. Rodríguez-Trigo G, Zock J-P, Pozo-Rodríguez F, Gómez, F, et al. Health Effects in Fishermen 2 Years After Assisting With Oil Spill Clean-up Ann Intern Med October 19, 2010 153:I-28; published ahead of print August 23, 2010.
3. Perera F, Tang W, Herbstman J. Relation of DNA Methylation of 5-CpG Island of ACSL3 to Transplacental Exposure to Airborne PAH and Childhood Asthma.. PloS ONE. Feb. 16, 2009.
4. Hansen C, Barnett A, Prichard G. The Effect of Ambient Air Pollution during Early Pregancy on Fetal Ultrasound Measurements during Mid-Pregnancy. Environ Health Persp Vol. 116, Number 3, March 2008.
5. Bocskay K, Tang D, Orjuela M, et al. Chromosomal Aberrations in Cord Blood Are Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Cancer Epidem Biomarkers and Prev. Vol. 14, 506-511, Feb 2005
6. Perera F, Tang D, Tu Y, Biomarkers in Maternal and Newborn Blood Indicate Heightened Fetal Susceptibility to Procarcinogenic DNA Damage. Environ Health Persp Vol 112 Number 10 July 2004
7. Pilsner JR, Hu H, Ettinger A, Sanchez BN, et al. Influence of prenatal lead exposure on genomic methaylation of cord blood DNA. Environ Health Persp, April 2009
8. Baccarelli A. Breathe deeply into your genes!: genetic variants and air pollution effects.., Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Mar 15;179(6):431-2.
9. Baccarelli A, Wright RO, Bollati V, Tarantini L, Litonjua AA, Suh HH, Zanobetti A, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Schwartz J. Rapid DNA methylation changes after exposure to traffic particles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Apr 1;179(7):523-4.
10. Huang YC, Schmitt M, Yang Z, Que LG, Stewart JC, Frampton MW, Devlin RB. Gene expression profile in circulating mononuclear cells after exposure to ultrafine carbon particles. Inhal Toxicol. 2010 May 27. [Epub ahead of print]
11. Jedrychowski WA, Perera FP, Maugeri U, Mroz E, Klimaszewska-Rembiasz M, Flak E, Edwards S, Spengler JD. Effect of prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter on ventilatory lung function of preschool children of non-smoking mothers. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2010 Sep;24(5):492-501.
12. Thomson E, Kumarathasn P, Calderon-garcidueas L, Vincent R. Air pollution alters brain and pituitary endothelin-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expressions Environmental Research 2007, vol. 105, no2, pp. 224-233 [10 page(s) (article)] (1 p.1/2)
13. Pedersen M, Wichmann J, Autrup H, Dang DA, Decordier I, Hvidberg M, Bossi R, Jakobsen J, Loft S, Knudsen LE. Increased micronuclei and bulky DNA adducts in cord blood after maternal exposures to traffic-related air pollution. Environ Res. 2009 Nov;109(8):1012-20. Epub 2009 Sep 23.
14. Herr CE, Dostal M, Ghosh R, Ashwood P, Lipsett M, Pinkerton KE, Sram R, Hertz-Picciotto I. Air pollution exposure during critical time periods in gestation and alterations in cord blood lymphocyte distribution: a cohort of livebirths. Environ Health. 2010 Aug 2;9(1):46.
15. Gonzalez-Pina, R. et al. (2008) Prenatal exposure to ozone disrupts cerebellar monoamine contents in newborn rats. Neurochem. Res. 33, 912–918
16. Yan Zhong, Steven G. Carmella, Pramod Upadhyaya, J. Bradley Hochalter, Diane Rauch, Andrew Oliver, Joni Jensen, Dorothy Hatsukami, Jing Wang, Cheryl Zimmerman, Stephen S. Hecht. Immediate Consequences of Cigarette Smoking: Rapid Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Diol Epoxides. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2010; 101227010050010 DOI: 10.1021/tx100345x
17. Perera FP 2008. Children Are Likely to Suffer Most from Our Fossil Fuel Addiction. Environ Health Perspect 116:987-990. doi:10.1289/ehp.11173
18. Rubesa J, Rybara R, Prinosilovaa P, Veznika Z, et al. Genetic polymorphisms influence the susceptibility of men to sperm DNA damage associated with exposure to air pollution. Mutation Research 683 (2010) 9–15.
19. Rubes J, Selevan S, Evenson D, Zudova D, Vozdova M, Zudova Z, Robbins W, Perreault S. Episodic air pollution is associated with increased DNA fragmentation in human sperm without other changes in semen quality. Human Reproduction Vol.20, No.10 pp. 2776–2783, 2005 doi:10.1093/humrep/dei122. Advance Access publication June 24, 2005.
20. Zhong Y, Carmella S, Upadhyaya P, Hochalter JB, etal. Immediate Consequences of Cigarette Smoking: Rapid Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Diol Epoxides Chem. Res. Toxicol., Article ASAP DOI: 10.1021/tx100345x Publication Date (Web): December 27, 2010
21. Topinka J, Rossner P Jr, Milcova A, Schmuczerova J, Svecova V, Sram RJ. DNA Adducts and Oxidative DNA Damage Induced by Organic Extracts From PM2.5 in an Acellular Assay. Toxicol Lett. 2011 Feb 14. [Epub ahead of print]
(Industrial PM2.5 is more genotoxic and causative of oxidative stress than traffic PM2.5)
22. Madrigano J, Baccarelli A, Mittleman MA, Wright RO, Sparrow D, Vokonas PS, Tarantini L, and Schwartz J. Prolonged exposure to particulate pollution, genes associated with glutathione pathways, and DNA methylation in a cohort of older men. Environmental Health Perspectives http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002773.
23. Oh SM, Park YR, Kim HR, Park YJ, Kim MJ, Son BH, Lee MJ, Lee SY, Chung KH. Organic extracts of urban air pollution particulate matter (PM2.5)-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in human lung bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells). Mutat Res. 2011 Apr 16. [Epub ahead of print]
24. Han X, Zhou N, Cui Z, Ma M, Li L, Cai M, et al. 2011. Association between Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites and Sperm DNA Damage: A Population Study in Chongqing, China. Environ Health Perspect 119:652-657. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002340
25. Gualtieri M, Ovrevik J, Mollerup S, Asare N, Longhin E, Dahlman HJ, Camatini M, Holme JA.
Airborne urban particles (Milan winter-PM2.5) cause mitotic arrest and cell death: Effects on DNA, mitochondria, AhR binding and spindle organization. Mutat Res. 2011 May 30. [Epub ahead of print]
26. Oya E, Ovrevik J, Arlt VM, Nagy E, Phillips DH, Holme JA. DNA damage and DNA damage response in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells following exposure to 2-nitrobenzanthrone and 3-nitrobenzanthrone: role in apoptosis. Mutagenesis. 2011 Jun 29. [Epub ahead of print]
27. Abbas I, Garçon G, Saint-Georges F, Andre V, Gosset P, Billet S, Goff JL, Verdin A, Mulliez P, Sichel F, Shirali P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons within airborne particulate matter (PM(2.5) ) produced DNA bulky stable adducts in a human lung cell coculture model. J Appl Toxicol. 2011 Sep 13. doi: 10.1002/jat.1722. [Epub ahead of print]
28. Zhang A, Hu H, Sánchez BN, Ettinger AS, Park SK, Cantonwine D, et al. 2011. Association between Prenatal Lead Exposure and Blood Pressure in Female Offspring. Environ Health Perspect :-. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103736
Current Opinion in Pediatrics:
April 2009 – Volume 21 – Issue 2 – p 243-251
doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e32832925cc
Therapeutics and toxicology: Edited by Robert O. Wright
Epigenetics and environmental chemicals
Baccarelli, Andrea; Bollati, Valentina
http://www.newsweek.com/2010/10/30/how-your-experiences-change-your-sperm-and-eggs.html
################################################################
Pollution and the Lung
* Air pollution permanently inhibits lung growth in children.
* Brief exposure to ozone and particulate matter reduce lung function even in young healthy adults and the reduction can last for a week after the pollution exposure is over.
* Air pollution causes lung cancer.
* Long term ozone exposure causes an increase in overall mortality in addition to that from particulate matter. Most of the mortality is respiratory.
* Air pollution exacerbates virtually all pulmonary diseases and likely plays a causative role in reactive airways disease.
* Air pollution is associated with increased rates of hospitalization and death from respiratory diseases from neonates to the elderly
* The correlation between the above health outcomes and ozone are still found at concentrations between one half and one third the current EPA NAAQS
###########################
1. Schelegle, E., Morales, C., Walby, W., et al, 6.6 Hour Inhalation of Ozone Concentrations from 60 to 87 Parts per Billion in Healthy Humans. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 180. pp 265-272, (2009).
2. Thaller, E., Petronella, S., Hochman, D. et al. Moderate increases in Ambient PM 2.5 and Ozone Are Associated With Lung Function Decreases in Beach Lifeguards. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 50(2):202-211, Feb. 2008.
3. Gauderman WJ, Gilliland GF, Vora H, et al. Association between Air Pollution and Lung Function Growth in Southern California Children: results from a second cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:76-84.
4. Gauderman WJ, Gilliland GF, Vora H, et al. The effect of air pollution on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age. NEJM 2004;351:1057-67.
5. Wichmann et al. Increased asthma and respiratory symptoms in children exposed to petrochemical pollution. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2009; 123 (3): 632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.09.052
6. Jerrett M, Burnett R, Pope CA, et al. Long-Term Ozone Exposure and Mortality.
NEJM. Vol. 360:1085-1095. March 12, 2009 Num 11.
7. Zuurbier M, Hoek G, Oldenwening M, Meliefste K, van den Hazel P, Brunekreef B. Respiratory Effects of Commuters’ Exposure to Air Pollution in Traffic.
Epidemiology. 2011 Jan 11. [Epub ahead of print]
8. Faustini A, Stafoggia M, Berti G, Bisanti L, Chiusolo M, Cernigliaro A, Mallone S, Primerano R, Scarnato C, Simonato L, Vigotti MA, Forastiere F; The relationship between ambient particulate matter and respiratory mortality: a multi-city study in Italy. Eur Respir J. 2011 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print]
9. Forbes LJ, Kapetanakis V, Rudnicka AR, Cook DG, Bush T, Stedman JR, Whincup PH, Strachan DP, Anderson HR. Chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung function in adults. Thorax. 2009 Aug;64(8):657-63. Epub 2009 Apr 8.
10. Chong S Kim1*, Neil E Alexis2, Ana G Rappold1, Howard Kehrl1, Milan J Hazucha2, John C Lay2, Mike T Schmitt1, Martin Case1, Robert B Devlin1, David B Peden2, and David Diaz-Sanchez1 Lung Function and Inflammatory Responses in Healthy Young Adults Exposed to 0.06 ppm Ozone for 6.6 Hours. Published ahead of print on January 7, 2011. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011, doi:10.1164/rccm.201011-1813OC
11. Steinvil A, Fireman E, Kordova-Biezuner L, Cohen M, Shapira I, Berliner S, Rogowski O. Environmental air pollution has decremental effects on pulmonary function test parameters up to one week after exposure. Am J Med Sci. 2009 Oct;338(4):273-9.
12. Catherine J. Karr, Paul A. Demers, Mieke W. Koehoorn, Cornel C. Lencar, Lillian Tamburic, and Michael Brauer. Influence of Ambient Air Pollutant Sources on Clinical Encounters for Infant Bronchiolitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Nov 2009; 180: 995 – 1001.
13. Hollingsworth, J.W. et al. (2007) Ozone and pulmonary innate immunity. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 4, 240–246
14. Strickland M, Darrow L, et al. Short Term Associations between Ambient Air Pollutants and Pediatric Asthma Emergency Department Visits. Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 182 pp307-316, 2010
15. Stafoggia M, Forastiere F, et al. Susceptibility Factors to Ozone Related Mortality Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 182 pp 376-384, 2010
16. Bell ML, Peng RD, Dominici F. The exposure-response curve for ozone and risk of mortality and the adequacy of current ozone regulations. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:532-536.
17. Mushtaq N, Ezzati M, Hall L, Dickson I, Kirwan M, Png KM, Mudway IS, Grigg J.
Adhesion of Streptococcus pneumoniae to human airway epithelial cells exposed to urban particulate matter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Jan 17. [Epub ahead of print]
18. Andersen Z, Hvidberg M, Jensen S, et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Long-Term Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Cohort Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010, doi:10.1164/rccm.201006-0937OC. Published ahead of print on September 24, 2010
19. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen Z, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Sørensen M, et al. 2011. Lung Cancer Incidence and Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution from Traffic. Environ Health Perspect :-. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002353
20. Spira-Cohen A, Chen L-C, Kendall M, Lall R, Thurston GD 2011. Personal Exposures to Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Acute Respiratory Health Among Bronx School Children with Asthma. Environ Health Perspect :-. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002653
21. Franck U, Herbarth O, Röder S, Schlink U, Borte M, Diez U, Krämer U, Lehmann I.Respiratory effects of indoor particles in young children are size dependent. Sci Total Environ. 2011 Feb 10. [Epub ahead of print]
22. Minelli C, Wei I, Sagoo G, Jarvis D, Shaheen S, Burney P. Interactive Effects of Antioxidant Genes and Air Pollution on Respiratory Function and Airway Disease: A Huge Review. Am J Epidemiol. 2011 Feb 22. [Epub ahead of print].
23. N. Li, J. R. Harkema, R. P. Lewandowski, M. Wang, L. A. Bramble, G. R. Gookin, Z. Ning, M. T. Kleinman, C. Sioutas, A. E. Nel. Ambient Ultrafine Particles Provide a Strong Adjuvant Effect in the Secondary Immune Response: Implication for Traffic-related Asthma Flares. AJP: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 2010; DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00115.2010
24. Nawrot TS, Vos R, Jacobs L, Verleden SE, Wauters S, Mertens V, Dooms C, Hoet PH, Van Raemdonck DE, Faes C, Dupont LJ, Nemery B, Verleden GM, Vanaudenaerde BM. The impact of traffic air pollution on bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome and mortality after lung transplantation. Thorax. 2011 Mar 23. [Epub ahead of print]
25. Son J-Y, Bell ML, Lee J-T 2011. Survival Analysis of Long-Term Exposure to Different Sizes of Airborne Particulate Matter and Risk of Infant Mortality Using a Birth Cohort in Seoul, Korea. Environ Health Perspect 119:725-730. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002364
26. Zuurbier, M, G Hoek, M Oldenwening, K Meliefste, P van den Hazel and B Brunekreef. 2011. Respiratory effects of commuters’ exposure to air pollution in traffic. Epidemiology http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182093693.
27. Factor P, Akhmedov AT, McDonald JD, Qu A, Wu J, Jiang H, Dasgupta T, Panettieri Jr RA, Perera F, Miller RL. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Impair {beta}2AR Function in Airway Epithelial and Smooth Muscle Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2011 May 26. [Epub ahead of print]
28. Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Turner MC, Cohen AJ, Krewski D, Jerrett M, Gapstur SM, Thun MJ.
Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure-Response Relationships. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print]
29. Peters S, Kromhout H, Olsson AC, Wichmann HE, Brüske I, Consonni D, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Siemiatycki J, Richiardi L, Mirabelli D, Simonato L, Gustavsson P, Plato N, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Zaridze D, Cassidy A, Lissowska J, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Forastiere F, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Stücker I, Dumitru RS, Benhamou S, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Kendzia B, Pesch B, Straif K, Brüning T, Vermeulen R.
Occupational exposure to organic dust increases lung cancer risk in the general population.
Thorax. 2011 Aug 19. [Epub ahead of print]
30. Peel JL, Klein M, Flanders WD, Mulholland JA, Freed G, Tolbert PE 2011. Ambient Air Pollution and Apnea and Bradycardia in High-Risk Infants on Home Monitors. Environ Health Perspect 119:1321-1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002739
31. Chiusolo M, Cadum E, Stafoggia M, Galassi C, Berti G, Faustini A, et al. 2011. Short-Term Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide on Mortality and Susceptibility Factors in 10 Italian Cities: The EpiAir Study. Environ Health Perspect 119:1233-1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002904
32. Andersen ZJ, Bønnelykke K, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Loft S, Sørensen M, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Long-term exposure to air pollution and asthma hospitalisations in older adults: a cohort study. Thorax. 2011 Sep 2. [Epub ahead of print]
33. Esplugues A, Ballester F, Estarlich M, Llop S, Fuentes-Leonarte V, Mantilla E, Vioque J, Iñiguez Outdoor, but not indoor, nitrogen dioxide exposure is associated with persistent cough during the first year of life. C.Sci Total Environ. 2011 Sep 1. [Epub ahead of print]
34. Franzi LM, Bratt JM, Williams KM, Last JA. Why is particulate matter produced by wildfires toxic to lung macrophages? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print].
35. Turner MC, Krewski D, Pope Iii CA, Chen Y, Gapstur SM, Thun MJ. Long-Term Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Lung Cancer in a Large Cohort of Never Smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]
36. Kim J, Natarajan S, Vaickus LJ, Bouchard JC, Beal D, Cruikshank WW, Remick DG. Diesel Exhaust Particulates Exacerbate Asthmalike Inflammation by Increasing CXC Chemokines. Am J Pathol. 2011 Sep 30. [Epub ahead of print]
37. Chang YK, Wu CC, Lee LT, Lin RS, Yu YH, Chen YC. The short-term effects of air pollution on adolescent lung function in Taiwan. Chemosphere. 2011 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]
################################################################
Pollution and Birth Outcomes
* Air pollution causes morphologic changes in the placenta, inhibiting blood transfer to the fetus
* Pregnant women exposed to more air pollution have multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes including higher rates of pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation, premature births, low birth wt. syndrome and neonates with smaller head circumference
*Air pollution is associated with higher rates of birth defects including neural tube and cardiac birth defects
###########################
1. Forbes LJ, Kapetanakis V, Rudnicka AR, Cook DG, Bush T, Stedman JR, Whincup PH, Strachan DP, Anderson HR. Nascimento LF, Moreira DA. Are environmental pollutants risk factors for low birth weight? Cad Saude Publica. 2009 Aug;25(8):1791-6.
2. van den Hooven EH, de Kluizenaar Y, Pierik FH, Hofman A, van Ratingen SW, Zandveld PY, Mackenbach JP, Steegers EA, Miedema HM, Jaddoe VW. Air Pollution, Blood Pressure, and the Risk of Hypertensive Complications During Pregnancy: The Generation R Study. Hypertension. 2011 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print]
3. Yorifuji T, Naruse H, Kashima S, Ohki S, Murakoshi T, Takao S, Tsuda T, Doi H.
Residential Proximity to Major Roads and Preterm Births. Epidemiology. 2010 Nov 3. [Epub ahead of print].
4. Lupo, PJ, E Symanski, DK Waller, MA Canfield and LE Mitchellet. 2010. Maternal exposure to ambient levels of benzene and neural tube defect among offspring, Texas, 1999-2004. Environmental Health Perspectives http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002212.
5. Rahman, Anisur. Arsenic Exposure and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion, Stillbirth, and Infant Mortality. Epidemiology. November 2010 – Volume 21 – Issue 6 – pp 797-804 doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181f56a0d
6. Bell ML, Belanger K, Ebisu K, Gent JF, Lee HJ, Koutrakis P, Leaderer BP. Prenatal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Birth Weight: Variations by Particulate Constituents and Sources. Epidemiology. 2010 Aug 31. [Epub ahead of print]
7. Suzuki, T., Oshio, S., Iwata, M., et al. In utero exposure to a low concentration of diesel exhaust affects spontaneous locomotor activity and monoaminergic system in male mice. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2010, 7:7doi 10.1186/1743-8977-7-7
8. Veras MM, Damaceno-Rodregues N, Caldini E, Ribeiro A, et al. Particulate Urban Air Pollution Affects the Functional Morphology of Mouse Placenta. Biology of Reproduction Sept. 1, 2008 vol. 79 no. 3 578-584.
9. Hansen C, Barnett A, Prichard G. The Effect of Ambient Air Pollution during Early Pregancy on Fetal Ultrasound Measurements during Mid-Pregnancy. Environ Health Persp Vol. 116, Number 3, March 2008
10. Wu J, Ren C, Delfino RJ, Chung J, Wilhelm M, Ritz B 2009. Association between Local Traffic-Generated Air Pollution and Preeclampsia and Preterm Delivery in the South Coast Air Basin of California. Environ Health Perspect 117:1773-1779. doi:10.1289/ehp.0800334
11. Ritz B, Yu F, Fruin S, Chapa G, Shaw G, Harris J. Ambient Air Pollution and Risk of Birth Defects in Southern California. Am. J. Epidemiol. (2002) 155(1): 17-25 doi:10.1093/aje/155.1.17
12. Vrijheid M, Martinez D, Manzanares S, Dadvand P, Schembari A, Rankin J, Nieuwenhuijsen M. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Ambient Air Pollution and Risk of Congenital Anomalies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
13. Dadvand P, Rankin J, Rushton S, Pless-Mulloli T. Ambient air pollution and congenital heart disease; a register-based study. Environ Res. 2011 Feb 15. [Epub ahead of print]
14. M. Estarlich, et al. Residential exposure to outdoor air pollution during pregnancy and anthropometric measures at birth in a multicenter cohort in spain. Environmental Health Perspectives, in press. Posted online March 23, 2011. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002918
15. Hwang BF, Lee YL, Jaakkola JJ. Air Pollution and Stillbirth: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Taiwan. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Mar 28. [Epub ahead of print]
16. Lee PC, Talbott EO, Roberts JM, Catov JM, Sharma RK, Ritz B. Particulate Air Pollution Exposure and C-reactive Protein During Early Pregnancy. Epidemiology. 2011 Apr 21. [Epub ahead of print]
17. Darrow LA, Klein M, Strickland MJ, Mulholland JA, Tolbert PE 2011. Ambient Air Pollution and Birth Weight in Full-Term Infants in Atlanta, 1994–2004. Environ Health Perspect 119:731-737. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002785
18. Salihu HM, August EM, Mbah AK, Alio AP, de Cuba R 2nd, Jaward FM, Berry EL. Effectiveness of a Federal Healthy Start Program in Reducing the Impact of Particulate Air Pollutants on Feto-Infant Morbidity Outcomes. Matern Child Health J. 2011 Jul 17. [Epub ahead of print]
19. Wilhelm M, Ghosh JK, Su J, Cockburn M, Jerrett M, Ritz B. Traffic-Related Air Toxics and Term Low Birth Weight in Los Angeles County, California. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print]
20. Hwang B-F, Lee YL, Jaakkola JJ 2011. Air Pollution and Stillbirth: A Population-Based Case–Control Study in Taiwan. Environ Health Perspect 119:1345-1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003056
21. Estarlich M, Ballester F, Aguilera I, Fernández-Somoano A, Lertxundi A, Llop S, et al. 2011. Residential Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution during Pregnancy and Anthropometric Measures at Birth in a Multicenter Cohort in Spain. Environ Health Perspect 119:1333-1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002918
22. Pereira G, Nassar N, Cook A, Bow C. Traffic emissions are associated with reduced fetal growth in areas of Perth, Western Australia: an application of the AusRoads dispersion model. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. Volume 35, Issue 5, pages 451–458, October 2011
23. Wilhelm M, Ghosh JK, Su J, Cockburn M, Jerrett M, Ritz B. Traffic-related air toxics and preterm birth: a population-based case-control study in Los Angeles County, California. Environmental Health 2011, 10:89 doi:10.1186/1476-069X-10-89
24. Ren A, Qiu X, Jin L, Ma J, Li Z, et al. Association of selected persistent organic pollutants in the placenta with the risk of neural tube defects. PNAS 2011 : 1105209108v1-201105209.
25. van den Hooven EH, Pierik FH, de Kluizenaar Y, Willemsen SP, Hofman A, van Ratingen SW, et al. 2011. Air Pollution Exposure During Pregnancy, Ultrasound Measures of Fetal Growth, and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Environ Health Perspect :-. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003316
26. Yorifuji T, Naruse H, Kashima S, Murakoshi T, Tsuda T, Doi H, Kawachi I. Residential proximity to major roads and placenta/birth weight ratio. Sci Total Environ. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
################################################################
Miscellaneous Health Consequences
*Air pollution is associated with higher rates of breast cancer, lung cancer, childhood leukemia, diabetes, immune suppression, bacterial infections, lupus, juvenile arthritis, infant mortality, sleep apnea, and suicide
*Air pollution causes systemic oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and penetrates intracellular structures
* Air pollution accelerates the aging process and shortens the lengths of telomeres
##############################
1. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen Z, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Sørensen M, Loft S, Overvad K, Tjønneland A. Lung Cancer Incidence and Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution from Traffic. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print]
2. Bernatsky, S, M Fournier, CA Pineau, AE Clarke, E Vinet and A Smargiassi. 2010. Associations between ambient fine particulate levels and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Environmental Health Perspectives http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002123.
3. Pearson J, Bachireddy C, Shyamprasad S, Goldfine A, Brownstein J. Association Between Fine Particulate Matter and Diabetes Prevalence in the U.S.Diabetes Care October 2010 33:2196-2201; published ahead of print July 13, 2010, doi:10.2337/dc10-0698
4. Krämer U, Herder C, Sugiri D, Strassburger K, Schikowski T, Ranft U, et al. 2010. Traffic-related Air Pollution and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the SALIA Cohort Study. Environ Health Perspect :-. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901689
5.Puett RC, Hart JE, Schwartz J, Hu FB, Liese AD, Laden F 2011. Are Particulate Matter Exposures Associated with Risk of Type 2 Diabetes? Environ Health Perspect 119:384-389. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002344
6. Dietert RR, JC DeWitt, DR Germolec and JT Zelikoff. 2010. Breaking patterns of environmentally influenced disease for health risk reduction: Immune perspectives. Environmental Health Perspectives http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1001971.
7. Crouse DL, Goldberg MS, Ross NA, Chen H, Labrèche F 2010. Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Is Associated with Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution in Montreal, Canada: A Case–Control Study. Environ Health Perspect 118:1578-1583. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002221
8. Pearson RL, Wachtel H, Ebi KL. Distance-weighted traffic density in proximity to a home is a risk factor for leukemia and other childhood cancers. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 50(2):175-180.
9. Weng HH, Tsai SS, Chen CC, Chiu HF, Wu TN, Yang CYJ. Childhood leukemia development and correlation with traffic air pollution in Taiwan using nitrogen dioxide as an air pollutant marker. Toxicol Environ Health A. 2008;71(7):434-8.
10. Langholz B, et al.; Traffic density and the risk of childhood leukemia in a Los Angeles case-control study. Ann. Epi. 2002 Oct; 12(7):482-7.
11. Kaplan G, Dixon E, Panaccione R, Fong A, Chen L, et al. Effect of ambient air pollution on the incidence of appendicitis. Published online ahead of print October 5, 2009 CMAJ 10.1503/cmaj.082068
12. Bae S, Pan X-C, Kim S-Y, Park K, Kim Y-H, Kim H, et al. 2010. Exposures to Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Oxidative Stress in Schoolchildren. Environ Health Perspect 118:579-583. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901077
13. Geiser M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Kapp N, Schürch S, Kreyling W, Schulz H, et al. 2005. Ultrafine Particles Cross Cellular Membranes by Nonphagocytic Mechanisms in Lungs and in Cultured Cells. Environ Health Perspect 113:1555-1560. doi:10.1289/ehp.8006
14. Dioni L, Hoxha M, Nordio F, Bonzini M, Tarantini L, Albetti B, Savarese A, Schwartz J, Bertazzi PA, Apostoli P, Hou L, Baccarelli A. Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Inhalable Particulate Matter on Telomere Length, Telomerase Expression and Telomerase Methylation in Steel Workers. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Dec 17. [Epub ahead of print]
15. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen Z, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Sørensen M, et al. 2011. Lung Cancer Incidence and Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution from Traffic. Environ Health Perspect :-. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002353
16. Zeft AS, Prahala S, Lefevre S, et al. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Clin Exp Rheumotol 2009 Sep-Oct; 27(5):877-84
17. Zanobetti A, Redline S, Schwartz J, et al. Associations of PM 10 with sleep and sleep-disordered breathing in adults from seven US urban areas. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010 Sept 15;182(6):819-25
18. Kim C, et al. Ambient Particulate Matter as a Risk Factor for Suicide. Am J Psychiatry, Sep 2010; 167: 1100 – 1107.
19. Kuo C, Chen V, Lee W, et al. Asthma and Suicide Mortality in Young People: A 12-Year Follow-Up Study. Am J Psychiatry, Sep 2010; 167: 1092 – 1099.
20. Scheers H, Mwalili SM, Faes C, Fierens F, Nemery B, Nawrot TS 2011. Does Air Pollution Trigger Infant Mortality in Western Europe? A Case-Crossover Study. Environ Health Perspect :-. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002913
21. Luo J, Margolis K, Wactawski-Wende J, et al. Association of active and passive smoking with risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study. BMJ 2011; 342:d1016
22. Amigou A, Sermage-Faure C, Orsi L, Leverger G, Baruchel A, Bertrand Y, et al. 2011. Road Traffic and Childhood Leukemia: The ESCALE Study (SFCE). Environ Health Perspect 119:566-572. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002429
23. McCracken J, Baccarelli A, Hoxha M, Dioni L, Melly S, Coull B, Suh H, Vokonas P, Schwartz J. Annual ambient black carbon associated with shorter telomeres in elderly men: Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Nov;118(11):1564-70.
24. Xu Z, Xu X, Zhong M, Hotchkiss IP, Lewandowski RP, Wagner JG, Bramble LA, Yang Y, Wang A, Harkema JR, Lippmann M, Rajagopalan S, Chen LC, Sun Q. Ambient Particulate Air Pollution Induces Oxidative Stress and Alterations of Mitochondria and Gene Expression in Brown and White Adipose Tissues. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2011 Jul 11;8(1):20. [Epub ahead of print]
25. Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Hvidberg M, Jensen SS, Ketzel M, Sorensen M, Hansen J, Loft S, Overvad K, Tjonneland A. Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study. Environ Health. 2011 Jul 19;10(1):67. [Epub ahead of print]
26. Chiu HF, Tsai SS, Chen PS, Liao YH, Liou SH, Wu TN, Yang CY. Traffic air pollution and risk of death from gastric cancer in taiwan: petrol station density as an indicator of air pollutant exposure.
J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2011 Sep 15;74(18):1215-24.
27. Lodovici M, Bigagli E. Oxidative stress and air pollution exposure. J Toxicol. 2011;2011:487074. Epub 2011 Aug 13.
28. Risom L, Møller P, Loft S. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage by particulate air pollution.
Mutat Res. 2005 Dec 30;592(1-2):119-37. Epub 2005 Aug 8.
29. Williams L, Ulrich CM, Larson T, Wener MH, Wood B, Chen-Levy Z, Campbell PT, Potter J, McTiernan A, De Roos AJ. Fine Particulate Matter (PM(2.5)) Air Pollution and Immune Status Among Women in the Seattle Area. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2011 Jul-Sep;66(3):155-65.
30. Wisnivesky JP, Teitelbaum SL, Todd AC, Boffetta P, Crane M, Crowley L, de la Hoz RE, Dellenbaugh C, Harrison D, Herbert R, Kim H, Jeon Y, Kaplan J, Katz C, Levin S, Luft B, Markowitz S, Moline JM, Ozbay F, Pietrzak RH, Shapiro M, Sharma V, Skloot G, Southwick S, Stevenson LA, Udasin I, Wallenstein S, Landrigan PJ. Persistence of multiple illnesses in World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers: a cohort study. Lancet. 2011 Sep 3;378(9794):888-97.
31. Jordan HT, Brackbill RM, Cone JE, Debchoudhury I, Farfel MR, Greene CM, Hadler JL, Kennedy J, Li J, Liff J, Stayner L, Stellman SD. Mortality among survivors of the Sept 11, 2001, World Trade Center disaster: results from the World Trade Center Health Registry cohort. Lancet. 2011 Sep 3;378(9794):879-87.
32. Zou M. Is NAD(P)H Oxidase a Missing Link for Air Pollution–Enhanced Obesity? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:2323-2324, doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.216648
33. Grant WB. Air pollution in relation to U.S. cancer mortality rates: an ecological study; likely role of carbonaceous aerosols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Anticancer Res. 2009 Sep;29(9):3537-45.
34. Turner MC, Krewski D, Pope Iii CA, Chen Y, Gapstur SM, Thun MJ. Long-Term Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Lung Cancer in a Large Cohort of Never Smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 21980033.
35. Toperoff G, Aran D, Kark J, Rosenberg M, et al. Genome-wide survey reveals predisposing diabetes type 2-related DNA methylation variations in human peripheral blood. Hum. Mol. Genet. (2012) 21(2): 371-383 doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr472
36. Ghio AJ, Carraway MS, Madden MC. Composition of air pollution particles and oxidative stress in cells, tissues, and living systems. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2012 Jan;15(1):1-21.
37. Makaji E, Raha S, Wade MG, Holloway AC. Effect of environmental contaminants on Beta cell function. Int J Toxicol. 2011 Aug;30(4):410-8. Epub 2011 Jun 24.
